Merchant shipping bill : A Bold Push for Transparency in India’s Maritime Sector

A Bold Push for Transparency in India’s Maritime Sector

India's maritime sector is undergoing a significant transformation with the introduction of the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2024. This legislation is designed to modernise the country's shipping regulations by replacing the Merchant Shipping Act of 1958. It reflects the government’s broader ambition to make India a global maritime hub through enhanced transparency, efficiency, and alignment with international best practices.

Overhauling an Outdated Framework

The original Merchant Shipping Act was introduced over six decades ago and has since become ill-suited to the demands of modern global trade. The 2024 Bill aims to rectify this by focusing on transparency in port-related charges, simplifying ship registration processes, enhancing digital compliance, and prioritising the welfare of seafarers.

One of the Bill's standout features is its provision that mandates service providers to clearly disclose all charges levied in connection with maritime transport. This includes costs related to port handling, documentation, and agent fees. All such charges must be listed in the Bill of Lading or its equivalent. Any failure to comply can attract penalties of up to five lakh rupees.

Crucially, the Bill does not seek to regulate freight rates, which will continue to be driven by market forces. Instead, it targets the additional surcharges and hidden costs that often frustrate exporters, importers, and logistics operators.

Broadening Ship Ownership and Registration

Another key reform under the Bill is the expanded definition of what constitutes an “Indian vessel.” It now includes ships owned by Non-Resident Indians, Overseas Citizens of India, and Limited Liability Partnerships, among others. This opens the door for broader investment and participation in India’s maritime industry.

Additionally, vessels leased under bareboat charter arrangements can now be registered in India even before the completion of payment. This change is expected to help grow India’s domestic shipping tonnage and reduce dependency on foreign-flagged vessels.

Strengthening Seafarer Welfare

The Bill proposes the creation of a dedicated Seafarer’s Welfare Board to safeguard the interests of maritime workers. This body will advise on matters related to living and working conditions, ensuring that Indian seafarers are protected under international maritime labour standards.

Improved welfare provisions are particularly significant in the context of recent global challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which exposed the vulnerabilities of seafarers stranded at sea due to port closures and quarantine restrictions.

Embracing Digitalisation

To boost operational efficiency, the Merchant Shipping Bill introduces digital processes for ship registration, certification, and compliance. By replacing paper-based systems, these reforms aim to reduce red tape, eliminate delays, and foster ease of doing business in the maritime sector.

This push towards digital transformation is in alignment with India’s national development programmes that seek to modernise infrastructure and reduce logistical costs.

Complementing Other Maritime Reforms

The Merchant Shipping Bill is one of several legislative efforts to rejuvenate India’s maritime framework. Alongside it are the Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill and the Indian Ports Bill.

The Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill aims to replace the nearly century-old law governing cargo transport. It will bring India’s regulatory framework in line with newer international conventions and offer greater contractual flexibility for shippers and consignees.

Meanwhile, the Indian Ports Bill seeks to provide statutory backing to State Maritime Boards and mandates greater transparency in port tariffs. It also proposes the establishment of a centralised Maritime State Development Council to foster collaboration between state and central authorities.

Together, these three bills form a cohesive legal ecosystem intended to position India as a competitive maritime economy.

Sectoral Benefits and Strategic Impact

The Merchant Shipping Bill is expected to yield multiple benefits:

1. Transparency in Charges: By mandating full disclosure, the Bill aims to eliminate hidden fees and ensure fair practices. This will significantly improve the experience for exporters, importers, and freight forwarders.

2. Growth in Indian Tonnage: Broader eligibility for Indian-flag registration and supportive chartering provisions will boost the domestic shipping fleet, contributing to national economic resilience.

3. Seafarer Confidence: A formal welfare mechanism ensures better oversight and working conditions for India’s large maritime workforce.

4. Efficiency through Technology: Digital workflows will shorten processing times, reduce human error, and make the regulatory system more agile.

Challenges and Future Outlook

Despite its progressive intent, the Bill does face some challenges. The enforcement of penalty clauses will need careful oversight to prevent misuse. Additionally, while the Bill covers disclosure of charges, it does not yet account for the growing use of electronic bills of lading, a matter that may require further legal clarification in future updates.

Moreover, the success of these reforms will depend heavily on the readiness of stakeholders—from ship owners and port operators to customs authorities and freight agents—to embrace change.

Nonetheless, the Merchant Shipping Bill represents a bold step towards creating a more transparent, modern, and efficient maritime sector in India. It addresses long-standing concerns, encourages investment, and aligns India’s legal structure with global norms.

As the country continues to assert itself as a major trading nation, these reforms are likely to play a crucial role in shaping the next chapter of its maritime growth story.

Top 5 Logistics Trends Transforming Indian Trade in 2025

Top 5 Logistics Trends Transforming Indian Trade in 2025

India’s logistics and supply chain sector is undergoing a remarkable transformation in 2025—driven by sustainability mandates, digital innovation, policy reforms, and strategic global partnerships. As the country aims to slash logistics costs and boost export competitiveness, a new ecosystem is emerging—smarter, greener, and more connected than ever before. Here’s a look at the top five developments shaping the future of Indian trade and what they mean for businesses navigating this dynamic landscape.

1. Green & Sustainable Warehousing Goes Mainstream 🌱

India’s warehousing landscape is undergoing a radical shift towards sustainability. Driven by global ESG requirements and multinational demands, developers are embracing energy-efficient building techniques, renewable power, and eco-friendly materials . According to a JLL India study, certified green warehousing space is set to soar from 65 million sq ft in 2024 to 270 million sq ft by 2030—quadrupling in just six years .

Why this matters for trade:

Green infrastructure helps MNCs maintain compliance with global sustainability norms, making India a more attractive sourcing destination.

Reduced operating costs and energy consumption may lead to lower warehousing prices—beneficial for exporters and importers alike.

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2. SMILE Programme & ADB‑financed Overhaul of Multimodal Logistics

India’s ambitious SMILE initiative—Strengthening Multimodal and Integrated Logistics Ecosystem—backed by a US $350 million ADB policy‑based loan, is central to modernising logistics . It fortifies the Gati Shakti Master Plan and National Logistics Policy by:

Boosting connectivity via multimodal hubs.

Standardising warehousing assets.

Promoting digitalisation in external trade.

Investing in gender‑responsive land ports to support women in logistics .

Impact on trade:

Reduces logistics costs (currently ~14 per cent of GDP, with a goal of 9 per cent) .

Strengthens internal networks, improving lead times and export competitiveness.

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3. Major Infrastructure Push: Highways, Ports & Industrial Parks

A series of Cabinet nods for infrastructure developments promise a logistics revolution :

Construction of ~166 km four‑lane highway linking Meghalaya and Assam.

New six‑lane bypass and arterial highways near Zirakpur–Patiala and JNPA Port in Maharashtra.

Establishment of a 25‑acre Panattoni industrial‑logistics park in Hosur, Tamil Nadu with €100 million investment .

Additionally, Tamil Nadu will launch a warehousing policy by October 2025, aimed at strategically clustering agri-logistics and manufacturing warehousing in tier‑2/3 cities .

Why it’s transformative:

Improved road and port connectivity slashes transit times and costs.

Purpose-built industrial parks attract FDI pool and streamline supply chains for manufacturing exports.

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4. Trade Agreements & Shifting Geopolitical Alignments

India has made significant diplomatic strides shaping trade flows:

A landmark FTA with the UK, covering 99 per cent of Indian exports, was agreed earlier in May 2025; ratification expected within months .

Under the Quad Ports of the Future Partnership, India will host an advanced ports and logistics conference in Mumbai (October 2025) alongside Australia, Japan and the US, aimed at developing cutting‑edge port infrastructure .

Consequences for logistics and exports:

FTAs lower tariff barriers, enabling traders to benefit from preferential access and boost volumes.

Collaboration through Quad can accelerate modern port practices, enhancing competitiveness of Indian maritime logistics.

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5. Supply Chain Digitalisation & AI-Driven Efficiency Gains

Digital transformation has become a core pillar. Government platforms like BharatTradeNet (BTN)—set up in the Union Budget 2025—integrate international trade documentation with customs clearance and finance . Moreover:

IndiaAI highlights the deployment of AI-powered demand forecasting, inventory optimisation and blockchain-enabled visibility .

Over 1 billion API transactions through logistics platforms (like ULIP) signify deepening digital maturity .

How it reshapes trade:

Smoother, transparent documentation reduces delays at ports and borders.

Predictive analytics enhances inventory planning, cutting waste and costs—especially vital for perishable exports.

Enhanced tracking reduces shipment loss and fraud, satisfying global buyers’ standards.

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Why These Trends Matter for India’s Trade

Cost reduction: From infrastructure to digital platforms, these reforms aim to lower the hefty ~14 per cent logistics‑GDP burden. According to projections, achieving ~9 per cent can unlock a US $100 billion export opportunity by 2030 .

Resilience & sustainability: Green warehousing, smart ports and digitalised customs create a more climate‑responsible and disruption‑ready system.

Global competitiveness: Infrastructure, FTAs and AI integration position India as a preferred alternative to China—for sectors like electronics, automotive, pharmaceuticals and agri-processing.

Tier‑2/3 uplift: Policies targeting regional warehouses and industrial parks spread logistics growth beyond metro regions—benefiting MSMEs too.

Inclusive growth: Gender‑responsive land ports and multimodal exchange points support inclusive labour participation.

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Challenges & the Road Ahead

While these trends are promising, India must address several hurdles:

1. Financing and regulation

Despite policy support, large‑scale investments require smooth regulatory frameworks and bankable models to avoid delays.

2. Skill shortage

Digital and AI‑based logistics demand a skilled workforce—training programmes and Industry 4.0 readiness are essential.

3. Association & standards

Harmonising state-level warehousing standards, customs efficiency and local infrastructure remains a challenge.

4. Last‑mile connectivity

Modern terminals need seamless linkages to rail, road and air logistics for full value-chain integration.

5. Ensuring equitable access

Prioritising tier‑2/3 regions and women-led logistics enterprises must remain central as scale-up occurs.

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Final Reflections

India’s logistics and supply chain revolution is now well underway. From green warehousing, infrastructure mega‑projects, digital platforms, AI-led processes, to FTA-fuelled trade routes, the nation is meticulously laying the foundations for sustained trade-led growth.

By tackling challenges in financing, skills and standardisation, India is ripe to reduce logistics costs, enhance resilience and climb the global value‑chain ladder. For exporters, manufacturers and MSMEs, this means faster delivery, better pricing and easier access to global markets—from Europe to the UK, UAE, and beyond.

As the calendar heads into late 2025, these trends provide both momentum and mandate for businesses to rethink supply chain strategies, invest in digital systems, and pair up with green logistics providers—a clear roadmap for future-proofing India’s trade ambitions.

Navigating the Trade War Maze: FTZs, Bonded Warehouses and Tariffs

As global trade tensions intensify, businesses face the pressing challenge of shielding themselves from volatile tariffs—particularly on Chinese imports. In July 2025, companies have ramped up use of Foreign‑Trade Zones (FTZs) and bonded warehouses as strategic refuges to manage duty exposure, improve cash flow and retain flexibility.

What are FTZs and bonded warehouses?

Foreign‑Trade Zones (FTZs) are specially designated areas considered outside the Country's Customs territory. Firms can bring in goods—raw components or finished products—without paying duties until the items leave the zone for domestic consumption. If re-exported, no tariffs are ever due. Moreover, simple operations like storage, mixing, repacking, or assembly are permitted under customs supervision .

Why the sudden surge in popularity?

Amid a recent series of drastic tariff hikes, U.S. duties on Chinese goods ballooned to as high as 145 % in April 2025 under Section 301 tariffs  . Although a 90‑day truce in mid-May reduced tariffs to around 30 %, uncertainty persists  . This unpredictability has led companies to scramble for mechanisms that prevent over‑investing in duties at the worst possible time:

Bonded warehouses allow deferment of duty payments to align with sales, aiding cash flow—although rental rates have soared, in some cases quadrupling due to demand  .

FTZs offer the possibility to "lock in" prevailing tariff rates when goods are admitted, granting protection in case rates surge again after the reprieve ends  .

Reuters reports that U.S. businesses are racing to convert standard warehouses into bonded facilities: over 1,700 such warehouses exist, yet demand has overwhelmed capacity. Conversion typical costs—ranging from thousands to six-figure sums—and approval queues now take months rather than weeks  .

FTZ vs bonded warehouses: a comparison

Feature FTZ Bonded Warehouse

Cash‑flow Duty deferred until goods enter U.S. commerce Duty deferred until withdrawal

Export exemption No duties if re‑exported No duties if re‑exported

Processing allowed Storage, assembly, mixing under CBP license Storage, limited repackaging

Duty treatment Can elect inverted tariff at exit Regular duty at withdrawal

Time limit Indefinite retention allowed  Up to 5 years permitted 

Setup difficulty Lengthy approval, security protocols Also requires CBP approval, but simpler

In practice, FTZs offer deeper flexibility—ideal for firms that handle large volumes, want to manipulate or assemble goods, or anticipate frequent retesting of tariffs. Bonded warehouses, in contrast, are more straightforward to access and useful for simpler storage needs or slower-moving inventory.

Real-world trends in mid‑2025

A sharp pivot by importers towards FTZs has occurred. In May, businesses began shifting away from bonded storage to FTZs as tariff forecasts improved—but uncertainty remained too high  .

City distributions have been set up in FTZs. For instance, the Port of Houston operates FTZ 84—handling US $50 billion of merchandise in 2022 alone—giving firms access to duty shelter and manufacturing perks  .

Importers in sectors such as fashion, electronics and auto parts are investing in U.S.-based bonded and FTZ-enabled logistics, as a way to maintain competitiveness despite high tariffs  .

Navigating in‑bond and short‑term solutions

For those seeking a less permanent solution, bonded Container Freight Station (CFS) entries and in‑bond shipments allow goods to remain under customs control for brief periods (typically around 15 days) without duties—strategic for rerouting, staging, or short‑term deferrals  .

Strategic decision—how to choose?

Complexity, volume, cash‑flow needs, and operational flexibility define the choice:

High-volume importers needing manufacturing or assembly: opt for FTZ.

Smaller-scale, value-heavy goods with slower turnover: bonded warehouse may suffice.

LCL shipments or rerouting scenarios: in‑bond CFS offers a cost-effective stop‑gap.

Both FTZ and bonded strategies defer duties until revenue is generated. But FTZs add possibilities such as inverted tariffs (paying lower duty rates on finished goods), weekly entry consolidation, and even exemptions on waste or scrap. Bonded warehouses, while more limited, require less infrastructure and are simpler to adopt for conventional storage.

The wider picture

With trade policy oscillating, logistics tactical planning matters more than ever. A recent surge in shipments between China and the U.S.—up nearly 300 % in early May—puts pressure on port and warehouse capacity, shifting transport preferences toward rail and short‑haul trucking  . Meanwhile, firms that locked into bonded facilities or FTZs remain resilient against sudden regulatory shift.

Moreover, an unprecedented rush for bonded space—leading to rental costs four times higher than standard storage—signals that tariff strategy has become a cornerstone of supply‑chain planning  .

Final take

In today’s trade‑war era, FTZs and bonded warehouses are no longer niche instruments—they’re essential shields in a volatile customs landscape. Whether your business manufactures, re‑exports, stores high‑value goods or simply buys in bulk, a well‑crafted tariff‑deferral strategy can:

1. Protect margins by delaying duties until the optimal moment

2. Offer adaptability if tariff rates rebound

3. Improve cash‑flow alignment to sales

4. Support manufacturing or product assembly under supervision

As July 2025 progresses, companies face a choice: stay reactive to tariffs—paying upfront duties and risking losses—or adopt forward‑thinking customs strategies. For those in logistics, manufacturing, apparel, electronics or auto parts, FTZs and bonded facilities offer not just compliance but competitive advantage.

Revolution on Rails: How Indian Railways is Transforming Car Transportation

Revolution on Rails: How Indian Railways is Transforming Car Transportation

 

India's transportation sector is undergoing a radical transformation, and at the heart of this change is the Indian Railways. With a bold vision to modernize logistics, reduce emissions, and enhance operational efficiency, 2025 has brought several major developments—especially in the area of car transportation. From dedicated freight corridors to hydrogen-powered trains and AI surveillance systems, the Indian Railways is positioning itself as a global leader in sustainable and smart transport.

This article explores the latest tech, infrastructure upgrades, and green initiatives that are reshaping car transportation by rail in India.

1. Freight Gets a Supercharged Boost: Dedicated Corridors and Powerhouse Locos

One of the most impactful developments in 2025 is the near-completion of India’s Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs). These special rail lines—separate from passenger routes—allow uninterrupted, high-speed movement of goods, including automobiles.

The Western DFC, connecting key industrial hubs, is over 85% complete, while the Eastern DFC is already fully operational. These corridors are designed to handle longer, heavier freight trains at speeds of up to 100–120 km/h, dramatically cutting travel time and increasing reliability.

To complement this infrastructure, Indian Railways has introduced WAG-9D electric locomotives, manufactured in partnership with Siemens at the new Dahod plant in Gujarat. These 9,000 horsepower engines can haul up to 4,500 tonnes of freight at 120 km/h—nearly double the load and speed of traditional locomotives.

2. The Rise of Rail in Automobile Logistics

Perhaps the most impressive shift has been the surge in vehicle transportation by rail. In 2024–25, Maruti Suzuki alone dispatched over 518,000 vehicles by rail—up from just 5,700 in 2014–15. That’s a nearly 90-fold increase in a decade!

This shift is driven by:

Lower logistics costs

Fewer emissions

Specially designed automobile rakes that can now carry SUVs using double-decker configurations

The result? Over 180,000 tonnes of CO₂ saved and 63 million litres of fuel conserved last year. With environmental and operational incentives aligning, Indian Railways is working closely with automakers to further increase rail’s share in car logistics.

3. Green Revolution: Electrification and Hydrogen Trains

Sustainability is a cornerstone of Indian Railways’ future-ready strategy. As of early 2025, the network has completed full electrification of over 23,600 km of tracks—a milestone achieved ahead of schedule.

Electrified routes not only reduce dependency on diesel but also allow the operation of high-efficiency electric trains like the WAG-9D and new EMU (Electric Multiple Unit) models.

In a more experimental but promising direction, Indian Railways has begun hydrogen train trials. A converted DEMU (Diesel Electric Multiple Unit) with a 1,200 kW fuel-cell setup is undergoing field testing. These trains produce zero emissions, emitting only water vapor, and could revolutionize last-mile connectivity on non-electrified routes. The plan includes deploying 35 six-coach hydrogen sets in the coming years.

4. Smart Safety: Kavach and AI-Driven Monitoring

With the expansion of rail freight and increased traffic on key corridors, safety is paramount. Indian Railways is rapidly rolling out Kavach, a cutting-edge Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). Already covering over 2,500 km of tracks, Kavach is being expanded by 5,000 km each year.

Key features of Kavach:

Automatic braking if a signal is passed at danger

Real-time data communication between trains

Prevents overspeeding and rear-end collisions

Alongside Kavach, AI-powered CCTV systems are being installed in stations and coaches. A pilot in Mysuru is already live, with plans to extend the system nationwide. Meanwhile, Indian Railways is also using robotic track inspectors, some equipped with elephant detection tech (nicknamed “Gajraj”), to prevent track encroachments and improve maintenance.

5. Infrastructure and Digital Leap

Modernization isn’t limited to locomotives and freight lines. Indian Railways has also focused on digital innovation and passenger amenities:

Amrit Bharat Trains: A new generation of passenger EMUs launched in 2025, featuring USB ports, semi-automatic couplers, real-time monitoring, and upgraded toilets.

Startup Sandbox: A new initiative launched by the Ministry of Railways to collaborate with Indian startups on AI, logistics, safety tech, and energy efficiency.

Multilingual AI Integration: A recent MoU with BHASHINI allows Indian Railways to incorporate real-time AI language translation, enabling passengers and operators across India to access services in their regional languages.

These initiatives not only make the rail system more user-friendly but also create an ecosystem of innovation aligned with the “Digital India” and “Make in India” missions.

6. Manufacturing Powerhouse: The Dahod Facility

One of the key milestones of 2025 is the inauguration of the new locomotive manufacturing hub in Dahod, Gujarat. A cornerstone of India’s public-private partnerships, the facility is set to become a high-tech assembly line for electric and hybrid locomotives like the WAG-9D.

This plant is expected to:

Create thousands of direct and indirect jobs

Boost local manufacturing under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative

Enable faster turnaround of rail assets and indigenous innovation

The Road (or Rail) Ahead

The year 2025 is shaping up to be a turning point for Indian Railways. What was once a legacy transport network is fast transforming into a smart, sustainable, and high-capacity logistics powerhouse.

With electrification, hydrogen experimentation, AI safety systems, and a deeper integration with the auto industry, Indian Railways is not just moving people and goods—it’s moving India forward.

For automakers, logistics firms, and policymakers, the message is clear: the future of car transportation is on track—literally.

Sources: Indian Railways public releases,

 

How FTWZs can help you outsmart Global Crises

A Free Trade and Warehousing Zone (FTWZ) can be a powerful strategic asset for importers and exporters, especially during global crises like wars, geopolitical tensions, or supply chain disruptions. Here's how FTWZs help in such scenarios:

An FTWZ is a special economic zone that acts as a customs-free logistics hub. Goods can be imported, stored, processed, and re-exported without attracting import duties unless moved to the domestic market.

Benefits of FTWZ During Global Crises

1. Buffer Against Supply Chain Disruptions

Pre-positioning inventory in FTWZs allows businesses to stockpile essential goods close to consumption markets.

This helps mitigate risks due to:

Port closures

Shipping delays

Embargoes or sanction

Example: If shipping lanes are blocked due to war (e.g., Red Sea or Strait of Hormuz), having inventory in FTWZs avoids production shutdowns.---

2. Duty Deferment & Cash Flow Flexibility

Goods stored in FTWZs don't attract import duty until they're moved to the Domestic Tariff Area (DTA).

This frees up working capital and defers costs, which is crucial during financial stress caused by global instability.

3. Diversification of Risk

Companies can diversify their sourcing and distribution through FTWZs.

Goods can be rerouted, consolidated, or re-exported based on changing geopolitical or regulatory landscapes.

Example: If exports to one country are restricted due to war or sanctions, goods in an FTWZ can be re-exported to an alternate market.-

4. Faster Customs Clearance

FTWZs offer streamlined, digitized, and faster customs processes, reducing delays at congested ports during crises.

This improves agility in turbulent times.

5. Repackaging, Labelling, and Light Manufacturing

Importers/exporters can relabel, repackage, or bundle goods in FTWZs to suit specific markets or adjust to emergency demand without paying duties.

6. Ideal for Humanitarian & Critical Supplies

FTWZs allow staging and rapid deployment of medical, food, and emergency goods during crises, avoiding red tape and tariffs.

Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, FTWZs were used to store and distribute PPE kits, ventilators, and medical Supplies.

7. Insulation from Local Instabilities

Goods in an FTWZ are technically considered outside the national customs territory, giving them legal insulation from sudden policy changes, curfews, or embargoes in the domestic market.

Real-World Use Cases

Middle East Crisis: Indian exporters rerouted goods through UAE-based FTWZs to avoid shipping routes affected by conflict.

Russia-Ukraine War: European and Asian traders used FTWZs in neutral countries (like UAE, Singapore, India) to adjust logistics mid-transit.

US-China Trade War: Businesses warehoused goods in FTWZs to respond flexibly to tariff changes.

FTWZs in India

Prominent FTWZs: DP WORLD FTWZs in Cochin Chennai and Mumbai India 

India has been enhancing FTWZ infrastructure to support trade during volatility

Conclusion:

During global crises, FTWZs act as strategic, neutral, and cost-efficient platforms that enable importers/exporters to stay resilient, compliant, and agile. They help businesses protect supply chains, defer costs, and adapt quickly to volatile global conditions.

Please DM me for customisation and bespoke FYWZ solutions for your requirements.

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🧾 How to Calculate Export Pricing: EXW, DDP, FOB, CFR Explained

When selling products internationally, choosing the right Incoterm is crucial — it determines how much of the shipping cost and risk you, as the exporter, are responsible for. To price your goods correctly, you must understand how to calculate your export pricing based on the selected Incoterm.

In this article, we’ll cover how to calculate export pricing for the following Incoterms:

• EXW (Ex Works)
• DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
• FOB (Free On Board)
• CFR (Cost and Freight)

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1. 📦 EXW – Ex Works

Definition: The buyer takes responsibility for all costs and risks once goods leave the seller’s premises.

Calculation Formula:

EXW Price = Factory Cost + Profit Margin

✅ Includes:

• Raw materials
• Manufacturing costs
• Packaging
• Seller’s profit

🚫 Excludes:

• Inland transport
• Export customs clearance
• Freight or insurance

💡 Example:

• Factory cost: $100
• Profit margin: $20
  👉 EXW Price = $120

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2. 🚚 DDP – Delivered Duty Paid

Definition: The seller delivers the goods to the buyer's door, paying all costs, including duties and taxes.

Calculation Formula:

DDP Price = EXW + Inland Freight + Export Clearance + Freight + Insurance + Import Duties/Taxes + Local Delivery

✅ Includes everything from the factory to the final destination.

💡 Example:

• EXW: $120
• Inland freight: $20
• Export clearance: $10
• Ocean freight & insurance: $50
• Import duty/tax: $30
• Local delivery: $20
  👉 DDP Price = $250

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3. ⚓ FOB – Free On Board

Definition: The seller covers all costs until the goods are loaded onto the shipping vessel at the port of origin.

Calculation Formula:

FOB Price = EXW + Inland Transport + Export Clearance + Terminal/Port Handling

✅ Includes:

• Domestic transport to port
• Export paperwork
• Port charges

💡 Example:

• EXW: $120
• Inland transport: $20
• Export clearance: $10
• Port charges: $10
  👉 FOB Price = $160

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4. 🌊 CFR – Cost and Freight

Definition: The seller pays for the goods and their transport to the destination port — insurance is not included.

Calculation Formula:

CFR Price = FOB + International Freight

✅ Includes:

• All costs up to arrival at the destination port

🚫 Excludes:

• Insurance (CFR ≠ CIF)

💡 Example:

• FOB: $160
• Freight: $40
  👉 CFR Price = $200

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✅ Quick Summary Table

Incoterm	Seller Pays For	Buyer Pays For
EXW	Factory cost only	Everything else
FOB	Up to loading on ship	Freight, insurance, import duties
CFR	Freight to destination port	Insurance, import duties
DDP	Everything (door-to-door)	Nothing

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Final Tips for Exporters:

• Always confirm local regulations when quoting DDP prices.
• Work with a freight forwarder to get current rates.
• Provide a cost breakdown to keep pricing transparent for your buyer.

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Need help setting your export prices or choosing the right Incoterm? Drop your questions in the comments below or get in touch with us!

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All about the unusual shaped GENOVA EXPRESS

The unusual shaped GENOVA EXPRESS, a container ship owned by Hapag-Lloyd. 

The ship's distinctive feature is a large, dome-shaped wind and wave deflector on the bow. This design, developed by Hanwha Ocean (formerly DSME), helps reduce aerodynamic drag, improve fuel efficiency, and lower emissions. It's the first Hapag-Lloyd newbuild to feature this deflector. 

Here's a more detailed explanation: 

GENOVA EXPRESS:

This is Hapag-Lloyd's latest LNG-powered megamax container ship, with a capacity of 23,664 TEU.

Wind and Wave Deflector:

The prominent feature is a large, dome-shaped structure on the bow that deflects wind and waves.

Purpose:

This design is not just for aesthetics; it serves to reduce aerodynamic drag, improve fuel efficiency, and decrease emissions, which are becoming increasingly important due to rising bunker costs and carbon levies, according to 1truck.us.

Innovation:

The GENOVA EXPRESS is the first Hapag-Lloyd newbuild to feature this deflector, indicating a shift towards innovative and environmentally conscious shipbuilding practices, according to 1truck.us.

Future prospects for SEA AIR shipments via India

The future prospects for sea and air shipments involve continued growth in global trade, technological advancements, and increasing focus on sustainability and customer-centric solutions. 

Sea-air shipments are a part of India's multimodal logistics ecosystem, though they are less common than standard sea or air shipments. Sea-air shipment is a logistics model where cargo is first transported by sea freight (often from origin countries to transshipment hubs like Dubai, Singapore, or Colombo), and then by air freight to the final destination—or vice versa. In India, some ports and airports support this model to optimize cost and transit time.

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✅ Current Status of Sea-Air Shipments in India

While not widely mainstream, sea-air multimodal shipments do occur via:

Major Indian ports like Nhava Sheva (JNPT), Chennai, Mundra, and Kolkata

International airports like Mumbai (BOM), Delhi (DEL), Chennai (MAA), and Bangalore (BLR)

However, many sea-air operations related to Indian cargo are routed through foreign transshipment hubs due to better infrastructure, fewer delays, and faster processing times.

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🇮🇳 Indian Customs Procedures for Sea-Air Shipments

India doesn’t have a specific, distinct customs code just for sea-air shipments; they fall under multimodal transport or transshipment cargo. However, the process typically involves:

1. Multimodal Transport Declaration (MTD)

The operator (or freight forwarder) must be registered as a Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO) with the Director General of Shipping.

The MTO issues a Multimodal Transport Document, used for customs and logistics tracking.

2. Customs Clearance Stages

Stage 1: Sea Arrival

Cargo arrives at a seaport (e.g., Nhava Sheva).

Customs filing: Bill of Entry (BOE) for imports or Shipping Bill (SB) for exports is submitted on the ICEGATE portal.

Clearance is done or cargo is moved under bonded transit if transshipment is required.

Stage 2: Transfer to Airport

Goods are moved from port to airport under bonded trucking, facilitated via Inland Container Depots (ICDs) or Container Freight Stations (CFS).

Customs supervision or bonded carrier rules apply (with documentation and bond guarantees).

Stage 3: Air Departure

At the airport, export cargo is re-submitted to customs for inspection (if required) and air shipment procedures are completed.

If it's import cargo arriving by air and moving to port by sea, the process is reversed.

3. Key Documents Required

Multimodal Transport Document (MTD)

Bill of Entry or Shipping Bill

Invoice, Packing List

Insurance Certificate

Bonded Transport Declaration (if under bond)

Airway Bill (AWB) and Bill of Lading (BL)

Importer Exporter Code (IEC)

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🚧 Challenges in India for Sea-Air Shipments

Lack of synchronized sea-air corridors like those in Dubai or Singapore.

Delays due to bureaucracy at multiple clearance points.

Limited infrastructure integration between ports and airports.

Manual intervention and dependency on bonded trucking/logistics providers.

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✅ Suggestions to Facilitate Sea-Air Shipments in India

Choose well-established Multimodal Transport Operators (MTOs).

Use ICDs near major ports with good road connectivity to airports.

Work with customs brokers familiar with multimodal and bonded procedures.

Ensure all documentation is digitally submitted via ICEGATE and DGFT platforms.

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If you’re planning a shipment and want help with the best sea-air route or customs clearance agent recommendations, I can help further—just share the origin, destination, and type of cargo.

Tariff truce means more cargo, and uncertainty

The trade talks in Geneva between the United States and China yielded greater-than-expected de-escalation in the ongoing trade war, but it won’t be so easy to undo the damage this skirmish has done to U.S. trade credibility and the role of the dollar on the global stage.

The two sides agreed to a point-for-point mutual reduction in their respective tariff rates for an initial period of 90 days, bringing rates down to near the same levels that prevailed before the tit-for-tat escalation. This reduction of 115 percentage points lowers the U.S. tariff rate on Chinese imports to 30 percent and 10 percent on U.S. goods flowing the other way.

The impact on Shipping 

The US-China tariff 90-day truce had a mixed but notable impact on the global shipping industry, especially on trans-Pacific trade routes. Here’s a breakdown of the shipping-specific impacts and disruptions associated with the truce:

Immediate Impacts on Shipping During the Truce

1. Spike in volumes:

Pre-truce frontloading effect: Leading up to the truce, many importers rushed to ship goods to avoid additional tariffs—this led to an artificial spike in cargo volumes, especially from China to the US in late 2018.

During the truce: Shipping volumes flattened or slightly declined as demand normalized post-frontloading. Shippers, uncertain about future tariffs, held off on aggressive restocking.

2. Rate Volatility

Freight rates, particularly on Trans-Pacific eastbound lanes, were highly volatile:

High freight rates due to capacity constraints and urgent demand.

Long-Term Disruptions and Strategic Shifts

1. Shifting Trade Lanes

Importers began to diversify sourcing, shifting cargo origin from China to Southeast Asian countries (Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia). This altered traditional shipping patterns.

Carriers had to adjust their routes and port calls, sometimes increasing intra-Asia connectivity.

2. Uncertain Demand Planning

Carriers and freight forwarders struggled with schedule reliability and capacity planning. The “on-off” nature of tariffs and truces made it hard to predict cargo flows.

Led to increased reliance on blank sailings (cancelled services) to maintain rate stability.

3. Container Imbalances

The unpredictability of US-China trade flows contributed to container equipment imbalances, especially in Asia. This affected availability and repositioning costs.

4. Investment Hesitation

Ports and logistics firms delayed or reassessed expansion projects due to trade unpredictability, especially projects reliant on stable US-China flows.

While the 90-day truce offers a short-term breathing room, it's expected to do little to restore full confidence in US-China trade. For shipping, this means a temporary pause in disruption, but not a return to stability. The bigger disruption came from behavioral changes—shippers and carriers alike began adapting to a world where trade policy unpredictability is a permanent feature.

Importance of Free Trade Warehousing Zones during Trade Disruptions

During trade disruptions, Free Trade Warehousing Zones (FTWZs) play a crucial role by providing a buffer for goods, facilitating continued trade, and potentially mitigating the impact of disruptions. They offer duty deferment, tax exemptions, and improved logistics infrastructure, enabling businesses to maintain operations and adjust to changing conditions.

Here's a more detailed look at their role:

 

1. Buffer for Goods and Supply Chain Resilience:

• Maintaining Inventory:                 FTWZs allow businesses to store goods, including imports and re-exports, without immediate duty payments, providing a buffer against supply chain disruptions and geopolitical issues.
• Re-exporting Duty-Free:               Businesses can re-export goods from India without paying Indian duties and taxes, which is helpful during disruptions that might affect domestic markets.
• Simplified Logistics:                        FTWZs offer simplified customs clearance processes, faster lead times, and improved inventory control, enhancing supply chain resilience.

 

2. Facilitating Continued Trade:

• Duty Deferment and Tax Exemptions: FTWZs provide tax exemptions and benefits, making it easier for businesses to continue trade even during disruptions.
• Safe & Strategic Location:            They are often located near major transport hubs, such as ports and airports, facilitating seamless import and export operations.
• Value-Added Services:                  FTWZs offer services like repackaging, relabeling, and kitting, allowing businesses to adapt goods for different markets during disruptions.

 

3. Mitigating the Impact of Disruptions:

1. Reducing Working Capital Needs:Duty deferment and tax exemptions reduce working capital expenses, allowing businesses to allocate resources more effectively during disruptions.
2. Faster Regulatory Clearances:    FTWZs often have streamlined regulatory processes, which can be beneficial when disruptions lead to delays or bottlenecks.
3. Improved Effectiveness:               FTWZs offer simplified import and export processes, helping businesses to navigate disruptions and maintain efficiency.

 

In essence, FTWZs act as a strategic hub for businesses during trade disruptions by:

• Providing a buffer for goods and mitigating risks.
• Facilitating continued trade with duty deferment and tax benefits.
• Enhancing supply chain resilience through improved logistics and streamlined processe

Transpacific Blank Sailings Soar as Shipments plunge

Container shipping lines have  increased blank sailings on Transpacific routes in response to escalating trade tensions between the USA and China.

The total blanked capacity for weeks 16-19 has surged to 367,800 TEU, representing a significant increase from just 60,000 TEU three weeks prior. The Asia-North America West Coast trade lane has seen scheduled capacity drop by 12% compared to six weeks ago, while the Asia-North America East Coast route experienced an even steeper decline of 14%.

The situation has been complicated by the USA increasing tariffs on Chinese goods to 145%, with China retaliating through 125% tariffs on U.S. imports and restrictions on critical mineral exports.

A VOLATILE POLITICAL CLIMATE

The current political climate is extremely volatile and given that tariffs are being imposed and suspended on an almost daily basis, we assume that both the shipping lines and cargo owners are only adjusting their short-term supply chains for now and waiting for things to settle down before making longer-term network adjustments.

Blank sailings are expected to continue rising in the coming weeks, particularly in the Transpacific eastbound trade. Some vessels may depart China with significant empty space through May as cargo owners cancel shipments or halt cargo at origin to offset rising costs.

BLANK SAILINGS DURUNG COVID

Data released in April 2020 reveals that when Covid-19 had begun to spread across the world, approximately 150 blank sailings were declared on major shipping routes. Out of these, over 100 were announced between the Chinese New Year and mid-March as the COVID-19 outbreak spread-out in China.

Pioneering Green Trade Facilitation

In today’s global landscape, with the climate crisis continuing to worsen, the need to balance economic growth with environmental stewardship is more crucial than ever. Green – or climate-smart – trade facilitation is playing an increasingly important role as countries strive to transition towards low-carbon and sustainable economies. This workshop will introduce the concept of green trade facilitation, and examine its developments and opportunities, including strategies, initiatives and good practices that help enable trade to be more efficient and environmentally friendly, and contribute to climate goals. Following the opening remarks and overview presentation, each thematic session is expected to feature a moderator and 3-4 speakers with a question & answer segment at the end.

Green trade facilitation refers to measures that make it easier to trade in goods and services that contribute to environmental protection, climate goals, and sustainable economies. This includes simplifying trade procedures for environmental goods like solar panels and recycled materials, as well as supporting the growth of green industries. 

Key Aspects of Green Trade Facilitation:

Focus on Environmental Goods:

Green trade facilitation aims to streamline the movement of goods that are beneficial to the environment, such as clean energy technologies, waste management solutions, and sustainable materials. 

Reducing Trade Barriers:

It involves removing obstacles that hinder the flow of green products, including simplifying customs procedures, harmonizing standards, and promoting fair trade practices. 

Promoting Sustainable Supply Chains:

Green trade facilitation also encourages the development of more sustainable supply chains, which are less environmentally damaging and more efficient. 

Digitalization and Innovation:

Using digital tools and technologies to streamline trade processes can lead to greater efficiency and reduced resource use, contributing to a greener trade. 

Supporting Green Businesses:

Green trade facilitation helps businesses in the green sector by providing access to markets, reducing costs, and fostering innovation. 

Green Trade Financing:

Specific programs like the EBRD's Green Trade Facilitation Programme (Green TFP) offer financing to support green trade transactions, further incentivizing green initiatives. 

Benefits of Green Trade Facilitation:

Environmental Protection:

By promoting the trade of green goods and services, green trade facilitation can help reduce carbon emissions, protect biodiversity, and improve environmental quality. 

Economic Growth:

The green economy creates new jobs and business opportunities, contributing to sustainable economic development. 

Innovation and Efficiency:

Green trade facilitation encourages innovation in green technologies and sustainable practices, leading to more efficient and environmentally friendly trade processes. 

Fair Trade:

Green trade facilitation can help ensure that trade practices are fair and equitable, benefiting both developed and developing countries. 

how can indian companies benefit from FTA in 2025

Indian companies can significantly benefit from Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) by gaining easier access to foreign markets, reducing trade costs through lower tariffs, and fostering greater competition and innovation. This leads to increased exports, enhanced foreign investment, and opportunities for growth and diversification. 

Here's a more detailed look at the benefits:

1. Expanded Market Access:

FTAs reduce or eliminate tariffs and other trade barriers, making it easier for Indian companies to export their goods and services to partner countries. 

This opens up new markets, allowing Indian businesses to tap into a wider customer base and potentially achieve higher sales and profitability. 

2. Reduced Trade Costs:

Lower tariffs on imports mean Indian companies can purchase raw materials and components at lower costs, leading to lower production costs and increased competitiveness.

This allows them to offer their products and services at more competitive prices in both domestic and foreign markets. 

3. Enhanced Foreign Investment:

FTAs can encourage foreign investment in India, as they create a more stable and predictable environment for businesses.

This can lead to increased capital inflows, technology transfer, and job creation, contributing to overall economic growth. 

4. Increased Competition and Innovation:

Exposure to foreign competition can stimulate innovation and efficiency improvements within Indian companies.

They are encouraged to develop higher-quality products and services, adapt to changing market demands, and find ways to reduce costs. 

5. Diversification of Trade Relations:

FTAs can help diversify India's trade relationships, reducing its reliance on specific markets or trading partners.

This provides greater stability and resilience to the Indian economy in the face of potential trade disruptions or economic downturns. 

6. Other Benefits:

FTAs can also lead to increased access to government contracts, improved intellectual property protection, and greater flexibility in how companies can operate in different markets.

They can also promote better cooperation on trade-related issues, such as standards and regulations.

Specific Examples of FTAs:

India-ASEAN FTA:

This FTA has been instrumental in boosting trade between India and the ASEAN region. 

India-Mauritius CECPA:

This agreement is India's first trade agreement with an African nation, expanding trade relations with the African continent. 

India-UAE CEPA:

This agreement has significantly boosted bilateral trade between India and the UAE. 

In addition to these specific agreements, India is also actively negotiating FTAs with other countries, including the European Union, Australia, and the United States. These FTAs have the potential to further expand market access and boost the Indian economy in 2025. 

Why are Ocean Freight Containers or Shipping Containers 20 feet and 40 feet long?

Ever wondered why shipping containers are 20 feet and 40 feet long, exactly? Why not 18, 36, or 50? The solution does not reside in port design or international control — but in one potent innovation that shook the world’s supply chains.

In the 1950s, American trucker Malcolm McLean had a problem: cargo loading was slow, inefficient and costly. Merchandise was being processed piece by piece. His groundbreaking idea? A standard metal box that could be loaded once, moved from truck to train to ship without unloading. And so the intermodal shipping container was born — along with the modern global supply chain.

But why was the original standard set at 20 feet?

It was a conscious, pragmatic choice. McLean wanted a size that would:

• Easily fit on a truck chassis, for easy highway transport

• Have no height, length or weight above accordingly through conventional rail cars

• Integrate into the cranes and forklifts of the 1950s, particularly at ports where infrastructure was light

• Find the right balance between volume and weight — neither so large as to be unwieldy, nor so small as to be inefficient

That 20-foot length was a happy medium for efficiency, safety, and versatility. Eventually the 40-foot container was brought on board to maximize volume per crane lift—it was twice the length of a 20-foot container, so scaling up was simple. Both lengths were officially standardized in 1968 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Ports and infrastructure around the world adapted to this new system rather than defining it.

The result? So resilient that today, more than 90% of international trade is carried in containers—typically either 20 or 40 feet long. These containers are the foundation for just-in-time inventory, cross-border e-commerce, multi-modal logistics and every modern supply chain you can think of.

So the next time you encounter a shipping container, keep in mind — it’s more than just a steel box. This is the DNA of global trade, cast in a daring, pragmatic vision.

How the Red Sea crisis is impacting Supply chains, Consumers and Climate

The Red Sea is one of the world's super critical trade routes, connecting continents through the Suez Canal. The transit accounts for more than 13 per cent of global trade and 40 per cent of Asia-Europe trade. However, this route has been under severe pressure amid Houthi attacks. Major shipping lines are now avoiding the route, forcing ships to reroute to Africa's Cape of Good Hope, which has increased shipping time by 12 to 14 days.

Impact on the shipping liner industry

The Red Sea crisis has had a paradoxical effect on the liner shipping industry. Profits are boosted despite increasing costs due to disruptions. Reduced capacity has led to higher freight rates, helping the company's bottom lines. Maersk, for example, indicated that Red Sea closures could drive higher earnings.

Impact on global oil trade

Oil & Gas shipments have been under pressure all along the Red Sea route. Till last year, around 6.0 million barrels of crude oil and petroleum products transit through the route daily. This number has been reduced by 50%, severely impacting Europe's energy supply. 

The market has seen constant price fluctuations. Insurance costs have also ballooned, rising to as high as 2 per cent, adding millions of dollars in expenses per voyage. Cargo insurance rates have also skyrocketed, making the Suez Canal route financially unviable for many shipping lanes.

Impact on consumers & climate

Global importers have absorbed rising costs so far, but prolonged instability could fuel inflation. European businesses, heavily reliant on Red Sea trade, face delays and higher shipping costs. Rising costs of essentials are already reshaping consumer preferences. Continued Red Sea attacks can deepen this crisis.

Climate costs are also mounting amid rising tensions. Rerouted ships travelling up to 60 per cent farther are burning more fuel. Carbon emissions have also increased by an estimated 40 per cent voyage. 

With no immediate solution in sight, Global shipping continues to navigate uncertainty in the Red Sea.

Leveraging FTWZs to enhance Indian Pharma Supply Chain

India’s pharmaceutical industry is a global leader, but challenges like API dependency, cold chain logistics, and regulatory complexities often disrupt supply chain efficiency. Free Trade Warehousing Zones (FTWZs) are proving to be a game changer in overcoming these challenges.

How FTWZs Boost Pharma Supply Chains:

Duty-Free Storage: Store raw materials and finished goods without paying upfront customs duties and thus optimizing cash flow.

Advanced Cold Storage: Maintain temperature-sensitive products like vaccines and biologics in state-of-the-art facilities.

Simplified Customs: Fast-track clearance and streamlined processes to reduce delays.

Value-Added Services: Enable repackaging, labeling, mitting and quality checks / inspections in a hassle free manner.

Strategic Locations: Proximity to ports and airports ensures quick and cost-effective deliveries.

Facilities like DP WORLD Free Trade Warehousing Zone are revolutionizing pharma logistics by providing cutting-edge technology and infrastructure thereby streamlining supply chains. FTWZs not only reduce costs but also enhance India’s position as a global pharmaceutical leader

Leveraging FTWZs to enhance Indian Pharma Supply Chain

India’s pharmaceutical industry is a global leader, but challenges like API dependency, cold chain logistics, and regulatory complexities often disrupt supply chain efficiency. Free Trade Warehousing Zones (FTWZs) are proving to be a game changer in overcoming these challenges.

How FTWZs Boost Pharma Supply Chains:

Duty-Free Storage: Store raw materials and finished goods without paying upfront customs duties and thus optimizing cash flow.

Advanced Cold Storage: Maintain temperature-sensitive products like vaccines and biologics in state-of-the-art facilities.

Simplified Customs: Fast-track clearance and streamlined processes to reduce delays.

Value-Added Services: Enable repackaging, labeling, mitting and quality checks / inspections in a hassle free manner.

Strategic Locations: Proximity to ports and airports ensures quick and cost-effective deliveries.

Facilities like DP WORLD Free Trade Warehousing Zone are revolutionizing pharma logistics by providing cutting-edge technology and infrastructure thereby streamlining supply chains. FTWZs not only reduce costs but also enhance India’s position as a global pharmaceutical leader.

Benefits of Free Trade Zones for Pharma Supply Chain

Free Trade Zones (FTZs) provide significant advantages to pharmaceutical companies by improving supply chain efficiency, increasing flexibility, and reducing costs in an industry that is both highly competitive and heavily regulated. Here's a detailed look at how FTZs can serve as a valuable tool for pharmaceutical supply chains:

Duty Deferral and Reduction Verta has collaborated with a client who must store inventory produced in the EU within the US until it is needed at various global locations. The team implemented a public FTZ to defer hundreds of thousands of dollars in customs duties on imported materials until they either enter the US or are shipped elsewhere for consumption. This approach has enhanced the company’s cash flow and minimized or eliminated duties on imported materials.

Streamlined Customs Procedures FTZs expedite the customs clearance process, helping to reduce delays and mitigate associated risks. Pharmaceuticals, especially those that are time-sensitive or temperature-controlled, often need to meet stringent deadlines. FTZs streamline the customs process, ensuring faster distribution and timely delivery to end markets.

Quality Control and Compliance Pharmaceutical products entering an FTZ can undergo inspection, conversion, repackaging, or relabeling before reaching the market or moving to the next stage of the supply chain. This not only leads to cost savings but also ensures compliance with global health regulations, offering flexibility to manage product quality and regulatory adherence prior to reaching consumers.

Inventory Management and Lower Holding Costs FTZs allow pharmaceutical companies to store inventory duty-free for extended periods, reducing carrying costs for high-value items, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), that may require long-term storage. This flexibility in inventory management helps reduce costs associated with holding valuable pharmaceutical goods.

Enhanced Security and Risk Management FTZs are governed by stringent security measures and detailed record-keeping, which align with the pharmaceutical industry’s regulatory requirements. These heightened security protocols help protect valuable products, intellectual property, and sensitive data—key assets in the pharmaceutical industry.

Supporting R&D and Market Expansion FTZs can simplify the process of importing small batches for clinical trials or testing, without incurring standard import duties. This benefit is particularly advantageous for companies engaged in research and development of new drugs, offering a cost-effective and streamlined way to conduct testing before moving to full-scale commercialization.

In Conclusion, Incorporating FTZs into a pharmaceutical supply chain strategy enables companies to optimize costs, streamline operations, and maintain regulatory compliance. By strategically utilizing FTZs, pharmaceutical companies can strengthen their global competitiveness while navigating the complexities of international regulations more effectively.

 

The Changing Landscape of Ocean Alliances : Winds of Change

In 2025, the global ocean shipping alliance landscape will change with new collaborations and the dissolution of others. 

Changes to existing alliances 

2M Alliance: Maersk and MSC will end their 10-year partnership in January 2025. The 2M Alliance was one of the largest global shipping alliances, covering routes worldwide.

THE Alliance: Hapag-Lloyd will exit THE Alliance.

THE Alliance will have three members in future instead of four, following the departure of Hapag Lloyd, and will be known in future as the Premier Alliance.

GEMIMI  - A New collaboration 

Maersk and Hapag-Lloyd: Maersk and Hapag-Lloyd will form a new operational collaboration known.as GEMINI.

Other changes 

The Ocean Alliance will publish its updated shipping network for 2025.

Impact

The changes to ocean alliances are due to companies shifting toward independent operations. 

More global offering

To measure the effect of this redistribution on ports, we have analysed the services announced so far by the new alliances to find out which ports loose and which gain from February 2025 on. To do this, we have compared the services offered by the 10 shipping companies which make up the three alliances in 2024 with those they plan to provide in 2025. Certainly, MSC is no longer in an alliance, but we have opted to include it in our panorama, given the importance of its presence on the routes we are concerned with. Moreover, MSC and Premier Alliance announced in September that they would be cooperating on Asia-Europe routes.

Overall, the alliances will offer more services from February 2025 on. The different shipping companies have decided to increase the number of joint services they offer, which will increase from 17 to 24 between Asia and Europe and from 9 to 17 - virtually double - between Asia and the Mediterranean. There will be seven additional transpacific services, taking the total to 54. The number of transatlantic services has already increased, even though Premier Alliance members have yet to issue their sailing schedules for this market.

Made-in-India driverless trainset from Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd Kolkatta for Yellow Line handed over to Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited

Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd. officially handed over the first Made-in-India driverless trainset for the Yellow Line to the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (BMRCL) in West Bengal. The 18-km stretch, connecting Electronics City with the rest of Bengaluru city, will feature the stainless steel, fully automated train.

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The trainset, manufactured at Titagarh’s facility in Uttarpara, West Bengal, was unveiled in a virtual ceremony attended by Manohar Lal, Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs on Monday. Mr. Lal said: “As Bengaluru surpasses 1,000 km of operational metro rail, this trainset signifies a giant leap in India’s urban mobility journey.”

The trainset is expected to arrive at Bengaluru’s Hebbagodi depot by road within 15 days, according to officials from BMRCL. However, the much-anticipated opening of the Yellow Line, initially slated for December 2024, has been delayed due to setbacks in the delivery of rolling stock. While a prototype train manufactured in China arrived at Bengaluru’s Hebbagodi depot in February 2024, the subsequent delay in receiving the remaining trainsets has pushed the timeline further. Currently, two more trainsets are expected to be delivered by April 2025, with production ramping up to two trains per month by September.

The Yellow Line, connecting R.V. Road to Bommasandra, is now scheduled for commissioning in January 2025, according to a confirmation from the BMRCL last month.

According to a release by Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd., the train is equipped with advanced driverless automation (GOA4), modern interiors, and enhanced sustainability features, the trainsets promise a secure and efficient commuting experience for millions.

Stretching over 18.82 km, the Yellow Line is an elevated corridor with 16 stations, designed to improve connectivity in southern Bengaluru. It will serve key areas housing major companies like Infosys and Biocon and will intersect with the Green Line at R.V. Road Station and the Pink Line at Jayadeva Hospital Station.

However, the Yellow Line has encountered several setbacks. In 2019, the China Railway Rolling Stock Corporation (CRRC) secured a ₹1,578-crore contract to supply 216 metro coaches to BMRCL. Yet, the company struggled to meet its obligations, failing to establish a manufacturing facility in India as required by the contract. This led BMRCL to issue multiple notices to CRRC and consider encashing a ₹372-crore bank guarantee.

To address these challenges, CRRC recently partnered with Kolkata-based Titagarh Wagons to complete the delivery of the remaining metro coaches. While this collaboration has alleviated some concerns, significant delays continue to impact the project timeline.

Four Upcoming Trends in Project Logistics

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Project logistics is a specialized subset of the logistics industry that requires a fully integrated approach to the global orchestration of material flow, order management and shipment execution from multiple origins to a defined site location. It includes transportation of regular and out-of-gauge cargo (OOG) across all transport modes to deliver in full, on time and in the right sequence to support the execution of a customer's often highly complex project schedule and objectives. A ‘project’ in this type of logistics, is identified by five characteristics: it is time-definite, the supply chain is convergent, the transport solution must be seamlessly integrated across all modes of transport, the transport execution is often highly specialized or bespoke, and finally customers’ buying behaviour shows a preference for an outcomes-based, end-to-end approach, to their supply chain. 

Upcoming trends for project logistics in 2025?

Investments: Project logistics is as sensitive to freight rates as it is to politics. It serves the complex Capital Expenditure (CapEx) needs of all markets globally, and the changing dynamics between these markets that will take place next year are greatly affecting this type of transportation. When looking at the current geopolitical environment, disruptions and upcoming tariffs are set to change trade drastically in 2025, not just for import and export, but also for global investments.

Expansion in the energy portfolio: Back in 2023, energy investments were focused primarily on wind energy. One full year later, several of the large wind energy projects ran into challenges with offtake agreements, cost, mishandled tenders, etc., resulting in material delays to the project and a dampening effect on demand in some areas. Today, the energy market is seeing early indications of a mindset shift towards the large-scale viability of nuclear power, a trend that will be more visible in 2025. With more governments backing deals on nuclear power (also to fuel the ramping electricity needed now for the common use of Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT and similar new technologies), the demand for project logistics capacity continues to grow and diversify in nearly every region of the world.

Defence-related projects: The defence market has recently seen the largest uptick in defence spending since World War Two across the EU, NATO and its allied countries, planned for 2025. A recent study by Deloitte highlights that “geopolitical tensions continued, pushing countries to increase defence spending. As per The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “approximately 59 countries were at war in 2022, up by 27 countries compared to 2019. As a result, defence expenditures and related projects surpassed US$2.4 trillion in 2023” adding that “these trends are expected to continue into 2025, with the potential for broad-based operationalization of many technologies”. This outlook shows intention not only for an augmented production of defence-related items but also for CapEx in investments for defence-related facilities, installations and production plants. This uptick in defence production demand will therefore add complexity for transportation capacity in the project logistics market – particularly in the shipbuilding sector as order books for new naval vessels potentially take priority over demand for heavy lift or multipurpose ships.

Modelling and simulation: A trend that was observed for 2024, advanced modelling and simulation using digital twin technologies, for instance, will continue to be relevant into the new year and will gain even more importance as project logistics will also get more complex. “The demand to get heavy and complex cargo in and out of really tight spots is only increasing these days because the locations for new projects are getting more complex to reach” states Robin Towley, Global Business Product Owner at Maersk Project Logistics. In the last 20 years, a lot of industrial areas have grown up to the point that only a limited capacity for expansion remains. 

TAPA CERTIFICATION

 What is a TAPA certification?

Cargo theft and loss of high-value goods is increasingly common. As a result, transport requirements are becoming stricter. More and more shippers are asking for TAPA certification. But what exactly is a TAPA certification? What are the requirements for a TAPA certificate? And what are the benefits of a TAPA TSR certification? On this page, we answer these questions.

TAPA helps prevent cargo theft

TAPA stands for Transported Asset Protection Association, a non-profit organisation that helps prevent cargo theft by improving transport security. It does this by working with members from the transport and logistics sector to set security requirements for the supply chain, provide training and certify transporters according to the TAPA standard. TAPA certification shows that you have done everything possible to secure your cargo during transport. A TAPA certification ensures demonstratable quality. Would you also like to be TAPA certified? Our vehicle security specialists will be happy to help you.

TAPA CERTIFICATION is a security standard that helps businesses protect their high-value goods from theft and other dangers. TAPA certification is designed to reduce cargo theft and supply chain disruptions. 

TAPA certification is made up of three core modules: 

TAPA FSR: Facility Security Requirements

TAPA TSR: Trucking Security Requirements

TAPA PSR: Parking Security Requirements

TAPA certification can help businesses: Improve processes and security, Hire more skillful personnel, Build better customer relationships, and Gain a competitive advantage. 

To become TAPA certified, you can: 

Conduct an evaluation to identify areas that need improvement

Contact a TAPA-approved audit provider

Work with the audit provider to schedule an audit and get answers to questions about the standards

TAPA is a coalition of more than 600 companies and organizations, including manufacturers, logistics service providers, freight carriers, law enforcement, and government agencies.