Retailers in America & Western Europe held their breath in September 2016 when container ships bringing goods from Asia due to fill their shelves at the peak Christmas shopping season were suddenly left stuck in ports halfway. Some ships were even stranded at sea
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| Image for representation purpose only : Hanjin, the South Korean shipping line, had filed for bankruptcy |
Hanjin, the South Korean shipping line, had filed for bankruptcy, weighed down by a global economic downturn that had led to overcapacity, lower freight rates and rising debt levels in the shipping industry. The company was eventually wound up and its assets liquidated in the shipping industry's costliest and most notorious collapse.
To avoid this fate, shipping companies have for many years increasingly merged or bought each other in a classic process of consolidation that is having profound effects on the efforts of developing countries to better engage with global trade.
On the one hand, global trade benefits from low freight costs and improved shipping connectivity that result from economies of scale and technological advances, yet on the other hand the mergers among shipping lines and their investments in ever larger ships also pose serious challenges to smaller trading nations and their seaports.
The challenge for policymakers - the focus of a session at the Intergovernmental Group of Experts on Competition Law and Policy convened by UNCTAD on 13 July - is to ensure that the benefits of lower costs and improved connectivity will be passed on to the smaller shippers and ports, while also responding to concentrated markets so that players are discouraged from abusing dominant positions.
The massive challenge for competition authorities
Competition authorities must analyse alliances, mergers and acquisitions in shipping and consider not only horizontal competition between carriers but also vertical integration between carriers and terminals.
For example, when shipping giant Maersk acquired competitor Hamburg Süd, the latter's services may switch from their previous terminal in Buenos Aires to the one operated by APM Terminals - which belongs to the same group as Maersk.
But there are several other phenomena shaping shipping in the 21st century that the national watchdogs must also monitor to ensure that trade continues to boost economic progress in developing countries.
Need for Bigger & bigger seaports
Ports are under pressure to dredge, expand yards and invest in ever larger ship-to-shore container cranes, often without any additional cargo throughput. Trucking, train and barge operators will incur additional expenses as vessel sizes and thus peak demand go up.
Port authorities and local governments need to carefully consider if the additional dredging and investment in berth, yard and hinterland transport capacity that shipping lines demand is worthwhile.
Domestic shipping markets
Many countries impose restrictions on international operators transporting goods domestically. In container shipping, this leads to situations in which a ship may call at two ports within the same country but is not allowed to transport cargo between these two ports.
Countries find themselves in the scenario where ports in neighbouring countries become the hub ports for their own cabotage or feedering services.
Montevideo, Uruguay, for example, acts as a relay port for services that connect two ports in Argentina. Sri Lanka benefits from cabotage restrictions in India as ships call at the port of Colombo, and from there international feedering services connect to seaports in India.
In response, policymakers should analyse the potential of opening up selected shipping services to international service providers to ensure competitive markets.
Hinterland connections
Closer distances usually involve lower transport costs and thus fewer negative externalities. However, in view of the need to fill ever larger ships, and the desire to keep alternative options open for shippers, policymakers may also want to expand each port's hinterland.
The resulting competitive pressures will encourage port operators to maximize their efficiency and pass on those efficiency gains to their clients, shippers and shipping lines.
Trade and transit
Under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade Facilitation, in force since 2017, as well as the International Maritime Organization's Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, members should establish committees in which stakeholders coordinate and cooperate in the implementation of trade and transport facilitation reforms.
Ideally, such collaborative platforms should go beyond compliance issues, aiming instead at all necessary reforms to facilitate international trade and its transport. Transit should be facilitated in line with international standards and recommendations, including those of the United Nations, the World Customs Organization and the World Trade Organization.
Monitoring and strengthening
Container shipping is a cornerstone of globalization. Thanks to the container shipping network, maritime transport connectivity has improved, and real freight costs have gone down. The operational efficiency gains achieved thanks to alliances have helped increase load factors and added further downward pressures on freight rates.
However, we have reached a situation where the reduced number of companies on some trade routes can result in oligopolistic market structures. This poses challenges to importers and exporters, who have less choice with whom to transport their goods. Larger ships and the combined bargaining power of lines in alliances also pose challenges to seaports which will have to invest ever more heavily in port infra- and superstructure.
National competition watchdogs will need to carefully monitor market developments and strengthen competition law enforcement against possible anti-competitive practices to ensure that limited competition does not lead to detrimental effects on costs, connectivity and economic growth in developing countries.
